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An unauthenticated attacker can exploit a vulnerability in the PHP JWT Library's PBES2AESKW::unwrapKey() function when processing JWE tokens that use PBES2-HS*+A*KW algorithms by crafting a JWE with an excessively large 'p2c' (PBKDF2 iteration count) parameter in the JOSE header, forcing the server to perform an unbounded and CPU-intensive PBKDF2 computation, resulting in a CPU-amplification denial of service.

A Time-of-Check/Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) vulnerability exists in the `JWSVerifier` and `JWEDecrypter` components of the `web-token/jwt-framework` and `web-token/jwt-library` PHP packages, allowing an attacker to override the integrity-protected `alg` parameter from the unprotected header, leading to authentication bypass and unauthorized access.

Attackers can exploit Heimdall proxy versions <= 0.17.16 operating in proxy mode by injecting malicious values into the `Host` HTTP header, leading to the construction of a manipulated `Forwarded` header that can spoof client IP addresses for upstream services, potentially bypassing IP-based access controls.

The npm `praisonai` package's TypeScript `AgentOS` HTTP server defaults to `0.0.0.0` and exposes unauthenticated API endpoints (`/api/agents`, `/api/chat`), allowing attackers to disclose agent configurations and invoke agents without authorization, leading to potential data exfiltration, unauthorized actions, and resource consumption.

WP Learn Manager 1.1.2 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability (CVE-2021-47975) that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts through the fieldtitle parameter via a POST request to the jslm_fieldordering page, resulting in arbitrary JavaScript execution when administrators view the field ordering interface.

Unauthenticated users can escalate privileges to admin in Grav CMS by manipulating registration data due to missing server-side validation in the Login plugin.