Attack Chain

1. An attacker gains initial access to a Domain Controller (DC).
2. The attacker executes a tool or script designed to extract DPAPI domain backup keys.
3. The tool retrieves the ntds.dit file, the Active Directory database.
4. The tool extracts DPAPI domain backup keys, creating files named ntds_capi_*.pfx and ntds_capi_*.pvk.
5. The attacker stages the extracted key files for exfiltration, potentially copying them to a temporary directory or network share.
6. The attacker compresses or archives the key files to evade detection.
7. The attacker exfiltrates the compressed archive to a remote location.
8. The attacker uses the exfiltrated DPAPI domain backup keys to decrypt domain user master keys offline.

Impact

A successful attack can result in complete domain compromise. By extracting and decrypting DPAPI protected secrets, attackers gain unauthorized access to sensitive information, including user credentials, service accounts, and other critical data. This can lead to lateral movement, data theft, and disruption of services. The impact is considered critical due to the potential for widespread damage and long-term consequences.

Recommendation

• Enable Sysmon file creation logging to capture the creation of ntds_capi_*.pfx and ntds_capi_*.pvk files.
• Deploy the provided Sigma rule to detect the creation or modification of DPAPI backup key files.
• Monitor process execution on domain controllers for suspicious command-line activity associated with potential DPAPI extraction tools as described in the overview.
• Investigate any alerts generated by the Sigma rule, focusing on the process lineage and destination of the created files.